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What are the common structures of composite spun fibers
source：www.kingcharmgroup.com | Release time：2026-05-261、 Core sheath type
1. Structural form
One type of polymer serves as the core layer, while the other completely wraps around the core layer to form a skin layer, making it the most widely used composite structure. Divided into two categories based on cross-sectional shape:
Concentric skin core: The core is located at the center of the fiber, with a uniform thickness of the skin layer and a regular concentric cross-section.
Eccentric skin core: The core deviates from the center, and the thickness of the skin layers on both sides is uneven.
2. Molding principle
The two-component melt enters independent channels and converges at the entrance of the nozzle. The outer layer melt surrounds the core layer melt and is extruded, cooled, and solidified together. The interface between the two groups is tightly bonded and will not separate during normal use.
3. Core Performance and Characteristics
Concentric skin core: with uniform mechanical properties, strength and stiffness are mainly provided by the core layer material; The functions of wear resistance, dyeing, hydrophilicity, antibacterial, flame retardant, etc. are achieved by the skin layer, realizing the separation design of "strength+function". High fiber roundness, smooth spinning and weaving processing.
Eccentric leather core: Due to the different shrinkage rates of the components on both sides, slight curling may occur, which combines the advantages of leather core structure with a certain degree of elasticity.
4. Common component combinations&segmented uses
Polyester core+nylon skin layer: The core layer ensures high strength and stretch resistance; Nylon skin is wear-resistant, easy to dye, and has a smooth and silky feel. Commonly used for sewing threads, industrial cables, socks, and luggage straps.
Polyester/polypropylene core+low melting point polyester skin: The melting point of the skin is much lower than that of the core layer. After heating, the skin layer melts and adheres, while the core layer maintains its skeletal shape. Specializing in hot-melt adhesive fibers, used for insulation cotton, filter felt, car interior filling, and adhesive free non-woven fabrics.
High strength polymer core+functional modified cortex: The cortex is added with antibacterial, anti-static, and anti UV additives, used for medical textiles, outdoor clothing, and labor protection fabrics.
5. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: Stable structure, strong designability, good processing adaptability, and controllable cost.
Disadvantage: Unable to produce ultrafine fibers, the main function is concentrated on the surface of the fibers.
2、 Side by Side
1. Structural form
Two polymer components are distributed side by side along the fiber axis, with a cross-section in the form of two semicircles, ellipses, or irregular double splices. Each component accounts for about half of the fiber volume.
2. Molding principle
Two types of melts with significant differences in thermal shrinkage and thermal expansion coefficients are extruded side by side in the nozzle, and after cooling, they form a single fiber.
3. Core Performance and Characteristics
The characteristic is spontaneous three-dimensional curling:
After the fiber is heated and relaxed, due to the different degrees of shrinkage of the two components, one side shrinks more and the other side shrinks less, causing the fiber to naturally bend into a spiral curl, similar to the shape of wool. It has high fluffiness, high elasticity, good rebound, good warmth retention, long-lasting curling, and is not easily prone to lodging.
4. Common component combinations&segmented uses
Ordinary PET polyester+PTT elastic polyester: combination, excellent elasticity, soft touch, anti wrinkle, used for elastic clothing, knitted fabrics, and tight fitting clothing.
Polyester+Nylon: With high fluffiness and good warmth retention, it can replace animal hair and be used to make synthetic woolen fabrics, blankets, carpets, and artificial wigs.
Polypropylene two-component silk: lightweight, warm, and non hygroscopic, used for keeping warm in winter for cotton sheets and bedding.
5. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: Excellent elasticity and fluffiness, good wool like effect, outstanding warmth retention.
Disadvantages: Poor dimensional stability, easy to straighten under high tension when curled; The selection of components is limited and must be matched with raw materials with significant shrinkage differences.
3、 Island in the Sea (ultra-fine fiber specific structure)
1. Structural form
Sectional features: The continuous matrix phase is marine, with dozens to hundreds of tiny island phases (single ultrafine fibers) evenly distributed inside, resembling countless small islands distributed in the ocean.
Conventional specifications: Within one island composite wire, the number of islands can reach 36-1000.
2. Molding principle
Blend/layer spin two immiscible polymers (one soluble and one insoluble) to produce sea island precursor fibers; Through chemical dissolution process, the "marine phase" is completely dissolved and removed using specialized solvents, leaving countless independent ultrafine "island fibers".
3. Core Performance and Characteristics
Ultra fine fibers can be prepared, with a single filament fineness of 0.001~0.1 dtex, far exceeding the conventional spinning limit;
The fiber has a large specific surface area, with a soft, delicate, and dense feel, and also has excellent adsorption, wiping, and filtering capabilities;
The surface of the fabric has no obvious fiber patterns, with a soft luster and a realistic effect of imitating leather and suede.
4. Common component combinations&segmented uses
Mainstream combination: PET (island phase, solvent resistant)+water-soluble polyester/copolyester (marine phase, easily soluble)
Clothing fabric: After peeling, it is made into artificial suede, simulated leather, and women's clothing fabric, with delicate texture, waterproof and breathable.
Cleaning and wiping materials: precision instrument wiping cloth, eyeglass cloth, screen cleaning cloth, dust-free cloth, with strong ability to absorb oil and dust.
Industrial filtration: high-precision filter materials, water treatment filter cloth, air filter element, fine pores, high filtration efficiency.
5. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: Easy mass production of ultrafine fibers, good fabric feel, adsorption, and filtration performance.
Disadvantages: Long production process (spinning and dissolution processes), high cost; Marine components are dissolved and lost, and the utilization rate of raw materials is lower than that of ordinary fibers.
4、 Segmented Pie (orange petal/petal shaped)
1. Structural form
Also known as segmented composite fiber, it has a radial petal structure in cross-section, similar to orange petals and petals. Common valve numbers: 8, 16, and 32 valves, with two components alternately distributed in each valve body.
2. Molding principle
Two types of polymer melts enter the nozzle in fan-shaped zones and are extruded to form a single multi petal composite filament; Subsequently, through external forces such as mechanical kneading, high-pressure water needling, and chemical treatment, the petals split apart, and a single filament can be disassembled into dozens of ultrafine single filaments.
3. Core Performance and Characteristics
After splitting, ultrafine fibers are formed with irregular fiber cross-sections, and the fabric is dense, impermeable, windproof, and water repellent;
Soft and smooth to the touch, good drape, excellent silk like effect;
The fiber has strong adhesion, is not easy to fuzz or fall off, and has excellent dust-free performance.
4. Common component combinations&segmented uses
Mainstream combination: polyester+nylon
Clothing field: simulated silk fabrics, women's clothing, scarves, underwear, with good drape and elegant luster.
Medical and health: medical gauze, surgical gowns, protective fabrics, dense dust-proof, and no shedding of hair.
Industrial&Daily: Water jet non-woven fabric, cleaning cloth, waterproof fabric, automotive interior fabric.
5. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: The splitting process is simple, with fewer processes and lower costs compared to island type processes; Outstanding waterproof, dustproof, and non shedding performance.
Disadvantages: The degree of splitting is greatly affected by the process, and poor splitting can affect the performance of the fabric; The upper limit of fiber fineness is higher than that of sea island type.
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